• Jonathan M Pitt, Marie Vétizou, Nadine Waldschmitt, Guido Kroemer, Mathias Chamaillard, BonecaIvo GompertsIGInstitut Pasteur, Unit of Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Paris, France. INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France., and Laurence Zitvogel.
• Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), Villejuif, France. INSERM Unit U1015, Villejuif, France. Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France. laurence.zitvogel@orange.fr jonathan.pitt@gustaveroussy.fr.
• Cancer Res. 2016 Aug 15; 76 (16): 4602-7.

AbstractThe equilibrium linking the intestinal microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the host immune system establishes host health and homeostasis, with perturbations of this balance resulting in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune immunopathologies. The mutualistic symbiosis between gut microbiota and host immunity raises the possibility that dysbiosis of the intestinal content also influences the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we present our recent findings that specific gut-resident bacteria determine the immunotherapeutic responses associated with CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade. This new evidence hints that interindividual differences in the microbiome may account for the significant heterogeneity in therapeutic and immunopathologic responses to immune checkpoint therapies. We discuss how this new understanding could improve the therapeutic coverage of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and potentially limit their immune-mediated toxicity, through the use of adjunctive "oncomicrobiotics" that indirectly promote beneficial immune responses through optimizing the gut microbiome. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4602-7. ©2016 AACR.©2016 American Association for Cancer Research.

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