• Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Quinnie Ling Sze Ning, Sandra Khoo Su Min, Saw Yan Bin, Pang Jia Chern, Tan Pei Shi, Sylvia Wong Ee Mei, Tan Hui Yee, Ong Jing Qi, Lakshmi Thangavelu, S Rajeshkumar, Poonam Negi, Jestin Chellian, Ridhima Wadhwa, Gaurav Gupta, Trudi Collet, Philip M Hansbro, and Kamal Dua.
• Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia. Electronic address: Dinesh_Kumar@imu.edu.my.
• Chem. Biol. Interact. 2019 Sep 1; 310: 108732.

BackgroundThe human body is a home to thousands of microbiotas. It is defined as a community of symbiotic, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms that have existed in all exposed sites of the body, which have co-evolved with diet, lifestyle, genetic factors and immune factors. Human microbiotas have been studied for years on their effects with relation to health and diseases.MethodsRelevant published studies, literature and reports were searched from accessible electronic databases and related institutional databases. We used keywords, viz; microbiome, microbiota, microbiome drug delivery and respiratory disease. Selected articles were carefully read through, clustered, segregated into subtopics and reviewed.FindingsThe traditional belief of sterile lungs was challenged by the emergence of culture-independent molecular techniques and the recently introduced invasive broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) sampling method. The constitution of a lung microbiome mainly depends on three main ecological factors, which include; firstly, the immigration of microbes into airways, secondly, the removal of microbes from airways and lastly, the regional growth conditions. In healthy conditions, the microbial communities that co-exist in our lungs can build significant pulmonary immunity and could act as a barrier against diseases, whereas, in an adverse way, microbiomes may interact with other pathogenic bacteriomes and viromes, acting as a cofactor in inflammation and host immune responses, which may lead to the progression of a disease. Thus, the use of microbiota as a target, and as a drug delivery system in the possible modification of a disease state, has started to gain massive attention in recent years. Microbiota, owing to its unique characteristics, could serve as a potential drug delivery system, that could be bioengineered to suit the interest. The engineered microbiome-derived therapeutics can be delivered through BC, bacteriophage, bacteria-derived lipid vesicles and microbe-derived extracellular vesicles. This review highlights the relationships between microbiota and different types of respiratory diseases, the importance of microbiota towards human health and diseases, including the role of novel microbiome drug delivery systems in targeting various respiratory diseases.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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