• C C Butler, S Rollnick, R Pill, F Maggs-Rapport, and N Stott.
• Department of General Practice, University of Wales College of Medicine, Llanedeyrn Health Centre, Maelfa, Cardiff CF3 7PN.
• BMJ. 1998 Sep 5; 317 (7159): 637-42.

ObjectivesTo better understand reasons for antibiotics being prescribed for sore throats despite well known evidence that they are generally of little help.DesignQualitative study with semi-structured interviews.SettingGeneral practices in South Wales.Subjects21 general practitioners and 17 of their patients who had recently consulted for a sore throat or upper respiratory tract infection.Main Outcome MeasuresSubjects' experience of management of the illness, patients' expectations, beliefs about antibiotic treatment for sore throats, and ideas for reducing prescribing.ResultsDoctors knew of the evidence for marginal effectiveness yet often prescribed for good relationships with patients. Possible patient benefit outweighed theoretical community risk from resistant bacteria. Most doctors found prescribing "against the evidence" uncomfortable and realised this probably increased workload. Explanations of the distinction between virus and bacterium often led to perceived confusion. Clinicians were divided on the value of leaflets and national campaigns, but several favoured patient empowerment for self care by other members of the primary care team. Patient expectations were seldom made explicit, and many were not met. A third of patients had a clear expectation for antibiotics, and mothers were more likely to accept non-antibiotic treatment for their children than for themselves. Satisfaction was not necessarily related to receiving antibiotics, with many seeking reassurance, further information, and pain relief.ConclusionsThis prescribing decision is greatly influenced by considerations of the doctor-patient relationship. Consulting strategies that make patient expectations explicit without damaging relationships might reduce unwanted antibiotics. Repeating evidence for lack of effectiveness is unlikely to change doctors' prescribing, but information about risk to individual patients might. Emphasising positive aspects of non-antibiotic treatment and lack of efficacy in general might be helpful.

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