• Huanghe Yu, Rong Zeng, Ye Lin, Xin Li, Shumaila Tasneem, Zhen Yang, Yi-Xing Qiu, Bin Li, Yu-Hong Wang, Xiong Cai, and Wei Wang.
• TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, and Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China; Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China.
• Phytomedicine. 2019 May 1; 58: 152876.

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune diseased state, characterized by hyperplasia of the synovial membrane, degradation of cartilage, and bone erosion of diarthrodial joints. Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb) Craib (Schizandraceae), a traditional Tujia ethnomedicine called Xue Tong in China, has been long used for the prevention and treatment of rheumatic and arthritic diseases, especially in the southern China. This study aimed to evaluate anti-arthritic effects of the ethanol extract of Kadsura heteroclita stems (KHS) on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats, as well as to explore the underlying mechanisms of anti-arthritis.MethodsAIA was established in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as described previously, and animals were daily treated by gavage with KHS ethanol extract (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.3% CMCNa) throughout the 30-day experiment. The incidence and severity of arthritis were evaluated using clinical parameters. At the end of experiments, tissue swelling and bone destruction of the hind paws were assessed by computed tomography (CT) and histopathological analyses. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-17A and IL-17F were measured by ELISA, and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1), MMP-3 and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1) were detected by Western blot.ResultsTreatment with KHS dose-dependently inhibited paw swelling and reduced arthritis scores of AIA rats. CT images displayed that KHS remarkably protected AIA rats from tissue swelling and bone erosion of joints. Histopathological analyses revealed that KHS markedly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial proliferation, and the formation of pannus in the ankle joints of AIA rats. KHS was found to significantly suppress the production of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-17A and IL-17F, inhibited the protein expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, and elevated the protein expressions of TIMP-1.ConclusionKHS demonstrates potential anti-arthritic effects via inhibiting pivotal mediators of inflammation and cartilage destruction. This study strongly supports identification and isolation of active fractions of KHS which would be a potential candidate for further investigation as a new anti-arthritic botanical drug.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

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