• Postgraduate medicine · Jan 2015

    Randomized Controlled Trial

    Human abuse potential of immediate-release/extended-release versus immediate-release hydrocodone bitartrate/acetaminophen: a randomized controlled trial in recreational users of prescription opioids.

    • Krishna Devarakonda, Kenneth Kostenbader, Yanping Zheng, Jeannie B Montgomery, Thomas Barrett, Jim L Young, and Lynn R Webster.
    • Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals , Hazelwood, MO , USA.
    • Postgrad Med. 2015 Jan 1;127(1):13-21.

    BackgroundThe abuse potential of prescription opioids is well established. This study compared positive, subjective drug effects of single, equal doses of biphasic immediate release (IR)/extended release (ER) hydrocodone bitartrate (HB)/acetaminophen (acetyl-p-aminophenol [APAP]) 7.5/325 mg tablets versus IR HB/APAP 7.5/325-mg tablets and placebo.MethodsHealthy adult recreational users of prescription opioids entered this randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active- and placebo-controlled, seven-way crossover study. Participants received single, total doses of IR/ER HB/APAP 22.5/975 mg (intact; three active tablets) and 45/1950 mg (intact and crushed [encapsulated]; six active tablets), IR HB/APAP 22.5/975 mg (intact; three active tablets) and 45/1950 mg (intact and crushed [encapsulated]; six active tablets), and placebo. Peak subjective effects (E(max)); time to peak effects (TE(max)); and area under the drug-effect curves for drug liking, high, and good drug effects were measured using visual analog scales. Median values with 95% confidence interval (CI) were compared using analysis of variance.ResultsAmong completers (n = 52), IR/ER HB/APAP produced delayed and lower peak effects compared to equal doses of IR HB/APAP. Comparing intact tablets, the drug liking E(max) (median [95% CI]) was significantly lower for IR/ER HB/APAP 45/1950 mg (78.0 [73.0, 81.0]) than an equal dose of IR HB/APAP (89.5 [85.0, 93.0]; difference, -8.5 [-12.0, -6.0]; P < 0.001). Similar results were observed for intact IR/ER HB/APAP and IR HB/APAP 22.5/975 mg. Crushing IR/ER HB/APAP 45/1950 mg delayed these effects compared with an equal dose of crushed IR HB/APAP and intact IR/ER HB/APAP.ConclusionIR/ER HB/APAP resulted in lower subjective positive drug effects than an equal dose of IR HB/APAP. Crushing IR/ER HB/APAP also delayed the onset of subjective effects compared with intact IR/ER HB/APAP. These findings suggest that biphasic IR/ER HB/APAP has lower abuse potential than IR HB/APAP in single equal doses.RegistrationThis Phase I clinical trial conducted in the USA was not registered.

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