• Madelaine Estryn-Behar, Béatrice I J M Van Der Heijden, Clémentine Fry, Hans-Martin Hasselhorn, and Europeen Nurses' Early Exit Study Group.
• Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen.
• Rech Soins Infirm. 2010 Dec 1 (103): 29-45.

BackgroundWhile many scholars have acknowledged the relationship between personal and work-related factors associated with job search and actual turnover, there is a lack of longitudinal designs that test this relationship empirically.ObjectivesThis longitudinal study examines specific determinant factors that differentiate between so-called 'stayers' and 'leavers' within the nursing profession, and identifies risk factors for premature leaving by comparing nurses who have left their job, or the nursing profession, with nurses who stay.MethodsThis cross-national exploratory European survey included 34,587 nurses (baseline measurement) working in 623 hospitals, nursing homes, and home care institutions, and comprised two measurements with a one-year time interval. The final samples for the follow-up measurement included 14,016 stayers and 866 leavers. As regards the leavers, the participating nurses were asked to indicate to what extent personal and work-related factors had contributed to the decision to leave their health care institution.ResultsNurses' intent-to-leave scores were higher in the baseline measurement among those who left the organization during the following 12 months, than among those who stayed (24.0% versus 13.5%). A majority of nurses (86.8%) left their profession voluntarily. Involuntary departure occurred more often in Eastern European countries. Nurses indicated that the reasons for leaving were: working conditions (e.g., relationship problems, emotional difficulties,time pressure and quality of care, dissatisfaction with use of one's competence and lack of autonomy, work schedule difficulties, and dissatisfaction with pay) family reasons (e.g., caring for relatives). For a considerable number of nurses, health reasons and the desire for continuing education added to their decision to leave.DiscussionHealth care organizations should pay attention to preventive measures in order to protect labor market potential. Recommendations are made for human resource development in health care organizations and for further empirical research to better understand to what extent different policy systems across the European countries explain variance in outcomes.

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