• Emma Williams, Theodore Dassios, and Anne Greenough.
• Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
• Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2020 Jun 1; 55 (6): 1468-1473.

ObjectivesContinuous monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels can be achieved by capnography. Our aims were to compare the performance of a sidestream capnograph with a low dead space and sampling rate to a mainstream device and evaluate whether its results correlated with arterial/capillary CO2 levels in infants with different respiratory disease severities.Working HypothesesEnd-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2 ) results by sidestream and mainstream capnography would correlate, but the divergence of EtCO2 and CO2 results would occur in more severe lung disease.Study DesignProspective cohort study.Patient Subject SelectionFifty infants with a median (interquartile range) gestational age of 31.1 (27.1-37.4) weeks and birth weight of 1.37 (0.76-2.95) kg.MethodologyConcurrent measurements of EtCO2 in ventilated infants were made using a new Microstream sidestream device and a mainstream capnograph (gold standard). Results from both devices were compared with arterial or capillary CO2 levels. The ratio of dead space to tidal volume (Vd/Vt) was calculated to assess respiratory disease severity.ResultsThe mean difference between the concurrent measurements of EtCO2 was -0.54 ± 0.67 kPa (95% agreement levels - 1.86 to 0.77 kPa), the correlation between the two was r = .85 (P < .001). Sidestream capnography results correlated better with partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2 ) levels in infants with less (Vd/Vt < 0.35; r2  = .66, P < .001) rather than more severe (Vd/Vt > 0.35; r2  = .33, P = .01) lung disease.ConclusionsThe sidestream capnography performed similarly to the mainstream capnography. The poorer correlation of EtCO2 to PCO2 levels in infants with severe respiratory disease should highlight to clinicians increased ventilation-perfusion mismatch.© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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