• T Nägele, U Klose, W Grodd, and J Martos.
• Abteilung für Neuroradiologie, Radiologische Klinik, Universität Tübingen.
• Rofo. 1994 Nov 1; 161 (5): 399-403.

AbstractSpin saturation effects in 3D time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography (MRA) can be reduced by using radio-frequency (RF) pulses with linearly increasing flip angles (ramp pulses) in the main direction of flow. MR angiograms of the cervical arteries of five healthy volunteers and eleven patients suffering from stenosis of the internal carotid arteries were acquired using a standard flow-compensated 3D FISP sequence with a single volume technique. Compared with the conventional MR angiograms acquired with constant flip angles, the MR angiograms could be considerably improved using the ramp pulses. Especially the distal parts of the vessels were depicted more clearly due to significantly reduced saturation effects. Since the vessel signal largely depends on the shape of the ramp pulses, we developed a model for calculating the signal distribution of the flowing protons for different ramp shapes and a given excitation volume (slab). The calculated signals were largely consistent with the signals in the MR angiograms, thus permitting numerical optimization of the shape of the ramp pulses for the cervical arteries. This optimized shape of the ramp pulse provided a high homogeneous vessel signal across the slab.

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