• Martín-SánchezF JavierFJDepartment of Emergency, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín-Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. fjjms@hotmail.com.Faculty of de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. fjjms@hotmail.com.Institute fo, Adrián Valls Carbó, Òscar Miró, Pere Llorens, Sònia Jiménez, Pascual Piñera, Guillermo Burillo-Putze, Alfonso Martín, Jorge E García-Lamberechts, Javier Jacob, Aitor Alquézar, Carmen Martínez-Valero, Juan de D Miranda, Amanda López Picado, Juan Pedro Arrebola, Marta Esteban López, Annika Parviainen, Juan González Del Castillo, Spanish Social-Environmental COVID-19 Register, Oscar Miró, Sonia Jimenez, José María Ferreras Amez, Rafael Rubio Díaz, Julio Javier Gamazo Del Rio, Héctor Alonso, Pablo Herrero, Noemí Ruiz de Lobera, Carlos Ibero, Plácido Mayan, Rosario Peinado, Carmen Navarro Bustos, Jesús Álvarez Manzanares, Francisco Román, Guillermo Burillo, and Carlos Bibiano.
• Department of Emergency, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín-Lagos s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. fjjms@hotmail.com.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2021 Dec 1; 36 (12): 373737423737-3742.

IntroductionSocial vulnerability is a known determinant of health in respiratory diseases. Our aim was to identify whether there are socio-demographic factors among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Spain and their potential impact on health outcomes during the hospitalization.MethodsA multicentric retrospective case series study based on administrative databases that included all COVID-19 cases admitted in 19 Spanish hospitals from 1 March to 15 April 2020. Socio-demographic data were collected. Outcomes were critical care admission and in-hospital mortality.ResultsWe included 10,110 COVID-19 patients admitted to 18 Spanish hospitals (median age 68 (IQR 54-80) years old; 44.5% female; 14.8% were not born in Spain). Among these, 779 (7.7%) cases were admitted to critical care units and 1678 (16.6%) patients died during the hospitalization. Age, male gender, being immigrant, and low hospital saturation were independently associated with being admitted to an intensive care unit. Age, male gender, being immigrant, percentile of average per capita income, and hospital experience were independently associated with in-hospital mortality.ConclusionsSocial determinants such as residence in low-income areas and being born in Latin American countries were associated with increased odds of being admitted to an intensive care unit and of in-hospital mortality. There was considerable variation in outcomes between different Spanish centers.© 2021. Society of General Internal Medicine.

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