• Michael J Zelefsky, Yoshiya Yamada, Christine Marion, Sang Sim, Gilad Cohen, Leah Ben-Porat, David Silvern, and Marco Zaider.
• Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. zelefskm@mskcc.org
• Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2003 Mar 15; 55 (4): 956-63.

PurposeWe have developed an intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) conformal treatment planning system for permanent prostate implantation in an effort to reduce toxicity further and improve the accuracy of this procedure. We report the preliminary outcome of patients with localized prostate cancer treated with this approach.Methods And MaterialsTwo hundred forty-eight patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with transperineal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate implantation using a real-time intraoperative 3D conformal technique (I-3D) between 1997 and 2001. A genetic algorithm optimization program intraoperatively evaluated the dose deposited throughout the entire 3D volume for multiple seed configurations to identify which seed-loading pattern adhered best to the predetermined target, urethral and rectal dose constraints. The median follow-up time in these patients was 27 months (range 12-51). The dosimetric outcome and acute toxicity profile of these 248 patients were compared with those of patients who were treated between 1988 and 1996 at our institution with a preplanned transperineal implantation technique (PP).ResultsPostimplantation dosimetric analysis of the I-3D group demonstrated that the median value of the percentage of the target volume treated to at least the prescription dose (V(100)) was 96%, and the target coverage with the prescription dose (PD) was ConclusionThe integration of an intraoperative optimization program with 3D dose evaluation throughout the target volume for prostate brachytherapy has consistently achieved excellent target coverage with the PD, and the dose levels to normal tissues were effectively restricted to tolerance ranges. These changes have led to a more favorable acute toxicity profile for patients treated with this technique without compromising biochemical control.

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