• Niels Bergsland, Robert Zivadinov, Michael G Dwyer, Bianca Weinstock-Guttman, and Ralph Hb Benedict.
• Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA/IRCCS "S.Maria Nascente," Don Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy/Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy npbergsland@bnac.net.
• Mult. Scler. 2016 Sep 1; 22 (10): 1327-36.

BackgroundDeep gray matter (DGM) atrophy is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but no studies have investigated surface-based structure changes over time with respect to healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, the relationship between cognition and the spatio-temporal evolution of DGM atrophy is poorly understood.ObjectivesTo explore DGM structural differences between MS and HCs over time in relation to neuropsychological (NP) outcomes.MethodsThe participants were 44 relapsing-remitting and 20 secondary progressive MS patients and 22 HCs. All were scanned using 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and 3-year follow-up. NP examination emphasized consensus standard tests of processing speed and memory. We performed both volumetric and shape analysis of DGM structures and assessed their relationships with cognition.ResultsCompared to HCs, MS patients presented with significantly smaller DGM volumes. For the thalamus and caudate, differences in shape were mostly localized along the lateral ventricles. NP outcomes were related to both volume and shape of the DGM structures. Over 3 years, decreased cognitive processing speed was related to localized atrophy on the anterior and superior surface of the left thalamus.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the role of atrophy in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and its relation to cognitive decline in MS.© The Author(s), 2015.

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