• Wenzhou Yu, Ming Lu, Huaqing Wang, Lance Rodewald, Saisai Ji, Chao Ma, Yixing Li, Jingshan Zheng, Yifan Song, Miao Wang, Yamin Wang, Dan Wu, Lei Cao, Chunxiang Fan, Xuan Zhang, and Yanmin Liu.
• National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 27, Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.
• Vaccine. 2018 May 17; 36 (21): 3041-3047.

ObjectiveTo estimate the costs of routine immunization (RI) services in China in 2015, to provide objective data relevant to investment in the Expanded Program on Immunization, and to contribute to global data on costing and financing of RI.MethodsThe study was conducted between January and March 2016. We selected 276 villages, 138 townships, 46 counties, and 40 prefectures from 15 provinces as investigation sites at random, stratified by eastern, middle, and western regions. Direct cost items included vaccines, personnel, cold chain, surveillance, communication, training, and supervision at the national, provincial, prefecture, county, township, and village levels. We obtained financial data from governmental and external sources. Indirect costs of RI included parents' transportation costs and productivity lost due to taking their children for vaccination.ResultsTotal direct costs were $92.42 for each child fully immunized ($4.20/dose), which equates to $1529.55 million per birth cohort. RI costs were higher in the eastern region than in the western region, and higher than that of the central region. Vaccination coverage was positively associated with direct routine immunization costs. The cost of the recommended vaccines was $19.08/child and vaccine only accounted for 20.64% of total costs. Operational cost, including surveillance, communication, training and supervision, was $217.31/child, accounting for 14.21% of total cost. The indirect cost per child was $72.86; the total indirect cost was $1205.83 million for the birth cohort. Government investment in RI accounted for about 70% of total costs. Revenue from sales of private-sector vaccine supported the remaining 30% of RI costs.ConclusionsWhile government financing has increased, some operating costs continue to be provided from revenue generated by sales of Category 2 (private-sector) vaccines to families. China could benefit from bringing new and underutilized vaccines into the EPI system based on evidence that includes routine immunization vaccine and operations costs.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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