• Michael A Fishman, Ashley M Scherer, Ashley M Katsarakes, Lexi Larson, and Philip S Kim.
• Center for Interventional Pain and Spine (CIPS), 160 North Pointe Blvd Suite 208, Lancaster, PA, 17603, USA. mafishman@gmail.com.
• Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021 Jul 16; 25 (9): 60.

Purpose Of ReviewAnalgesic hot and cold temperatures have been used for both conservative and ablative therapies for millennia. There are well-known locoregional neurovascular changes associated with the application of heat or ice in the literature and in practice. The oscillation between heat and cold has recently been identified as a synergistic mechanism of action with early translational results in humans.Recent FindingsRecent mechanistic work in the feline model has demonstrated that a reliable, reversible nerve block can be achieved within a temperature range that is non-destructive (15-45°C). The underlying mechanism is a newly described hysteresis in the responsiveness of peripheral nerves to alternating thermal stimuli resulting in nerve blockade. Recently presented feasibility data reports positive results in subjects with occipital pain and peripheral scar pain in terms of pain and associated symptom improvement. Temperature-mediated changes in pain and sensation have been observed for hot and cold applications at a variety of temperatures. Recent insights into the synergy between preheating followed by cooling resulting in peripheral nerve fiber block has potential in a variety of conditions in which peripheral nerve etiology is noted. Recent findings in chronic headache patients report decreased pain and symptom improvement. Further studies are ongoing to understand the indications for this novel therapy.© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

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