• Priya D Bolikal, Megan Narad, Stacey Raj, Megan Kennelly, and Brad G Kurowski.
• From the Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (PDB, BGK); Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (PDB, BGK); Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (PDB, BGK); Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio (MN); Xavier University, School of Psychology, Cincinnati, Ohio (SR); University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio (MK); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina (MK).
• Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021 Mar 1; 100 (3): 215-228.

ObjectiveThe aim of this review was to examine biopsychosocial factors associated with an increased risk of attention problems after a traumatic brain injury in children.DesignA systematic review of the literature was conducted using data sources of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL up to August 30, 2020. Literature primarily examined pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury and attention problems. Risk factors for attention problems posttraumatic brain injury examined in all articles were identified and grouped into broad categories of biological, psychological, and social factors. Methodological quality of each study was assessed using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines from 2009 were used in completing this review.ResultsForty articles met inclusion criteria for this study. Overall findings were mixed but suggested that younger age at injury, presence of preinjury attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poorer preinjury adaptive functioning, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer family functioning were associated with increased risk of developing attention problems posttraumatic brain injury.ConclusionsDevelopment of attention problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury is complex and influenced by an array of biologic, environmental/social, injury-related, and host factors. Evidence is mixed, and further study is needed to better understand the relationships between these factors and how they influence attention after traumatic brain injury. Nonetheless, screening for attention problems in children with risk factors may allow for earlier identification and intervention, minimizing negative impacts of attention problems after traumatic brain injury in children. Limitations of this study included heterogeneity of studies and overall low to moderate methodological quality of studies included as measured by the modified Downs and Black checklist.To Claim Cme CreditsComplete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME.Cme ObjectivesUpon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Describe the importance of recognizing and identifying attention problems after traumatic brain injury in children; (2) Identify risk factors for development of attention problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury; and (3) Recognize gaps in existing literature regarding predictors of attention problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury.LevelAdvanced.AccreditationThe Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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