• Aziz Nazha, Hagop Kantarjian, Jorge Cortes, and Alfonso Quintás-Cardama.
• The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia Unit , 428, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 , USA +1 713 745 4009 ; aquintas@mdanderson.org.
• Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Oct 1; 14 (14): 1977-86.

IntroductionOmacetaxine mepesuccinate (formerly known as homoharringtonine [HHT]) is a natural alkaloid with significant anticancer activity partly through inhibition of protein synthesis and induction of apoptosis. Prior to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), HHT was the most active therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after interferon failure. Subsequent trials showed that HHT and omacetaxine are active in patients failing several TKIs or carrying the T315I mutation.Areas CoveredThis review will discuss the preclinical development of HHT and omacetaxine mepesuccinate in CML and the clinical studies leading to its approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Expert OpinionA sizable number of patients with CML will develop TKI resistance, frequently through the acquisition of BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations. Omacetaxine is active in patients with CML after failure to multiple TKIs and in those carrying the T315I mutation, which is highly resistant to all FDA-approved TKIs except for ponatinib. Both ponatinib and omacetaxine have been recently approved by the FDA and represent useful treatment options for patients with CML who failed several TKIs and/or acquired the T315I mutation. The development of an oral formulation of omacetaxine would greatly facilitate its use and provide an attractive option for TKI-based combinatorial strategies.

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