• Georgia Salanti and John P A Ioannidis.
• The Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
• J Clin Epidemiol. 2009 Feb 1; 62 (2): 115-22.

ObjectiveMeta-analyses of observational studies often get spuriously precise results. We aimed to factor this skepticism in meta-analysis calculations.Study Design And SettingWe developed a simple sensitivity analysis starting from the assumption that any single observational study cannot give us more than a maximum certainty c% (called credibility ceiling) that an effect is in a particular direction and not in the other. Each study included in meta-analysis is adjusted for different credibility ceilings c and the consistency of the conclusion examined. We applied the method in three meta-analyses of observational studies with nominally statistically significant summary effects (mortality with teaching versus nonteaching health care; risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with hair dyes; mortality with omega-3 fatty acids).ResultsBetween-study heterogeneity I(2) estimates dropped from 36%-72% without a ceiling effect to 0% with ceilings of 9%, 4%, and 4% in the three meta-analyses, respectively. Nominal statistical significance was lost with ceilings of 10%, 8%, and 11%, respectively. The likelihood ratios suggested that even with minimal ceiling effects, there was no strong support for the credibility of each of these three associations.ConclusionsConsideration of credibility ceilings allows conservative interpretation of observational evidence and can be applied routinely to meta-analyses of observational studies.

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