• Baseer U Ahmad, Judy E Kim, and Ehsan Rahimy.
• Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
• Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep 1; 31 (5): 303-311.

Purpose Of ReviewAs artificial intelligence continues to develop new applications in ophthalmic image recognition, we provide here an introduction for ophthalmologists and a primer on the mechanisms of deep learning systems.Recent FindingsDeep learning has lent itself to the automated interpretation of various retinal imaging modalities, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) represent the primary class of deep neural networks applied to these image analyses. These have been configured to aid in the detection of diabetes retinopathy, AMD, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and ROP, among other ocular disorders. Predictive models for retinal disease prognosis and treatment are also being validated.SummaryDeep learning systems have begun to demonstrate a reliable level of diagnostic accuracy equal or better to human graders for narrow image recognition tasks. However, challenges regarding the use of deep learning systems in ophthalmology remain. These include trust of unsupervised learning systems and the limited ability to recognize broad ranges of disorders.

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