• Keren Ladin, Renuka Pandya, Allison Kannam, Rohini Loke, Tira Oskoui, Ronald D Perrone, Klemens B Meyer, Daniel E Weiner, and John B Wong.
• Department of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA; Research on Aging, Ethics, and Community Health, Tufts University, Medford, MA. Electronic address: keren.ladin@tufts.edu.
• Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2018 May 1; 71 (5): 627-635.

BackgroundAlthough dialysis may not provide a large survival benefit for older patients with kidney failure, few are informed about conservative management. Barriers and facilitators to discussions about conservative management and nephrologists' decisions to present the option of conservative management may vary within the nephrology provider community.Study DesignInterview study of nephrologists.Setting & ParticipantsNational sample of US nephrologists sampled based on sex, years in practice, practice type, and region.MethodologyQualitative semistructured interviews continued until thematic saturation.Analytical ApproachThematic and narrative analysis of recorded and transcribed interviews.ResultsAmong 35 semistructured interviews with nephrologists from 18 practices, 37% described routinely discussing conservative management ("early adopters"). 5 themes and related subthemes reflected issues that influence nephrologists' decisions to discuss conservative management and their approaches to these discussions: struggling to define nephrologists' roles (determining treatment, instilling hope, and improving patient symptoms), circumventing end-of-life conversations (contending with prognostic uncertainty, fearing emotional backlash, jeopardizing relationships, and tailoring information), confronting institutional barriers (time constraints, care coordination, incentives for dialysis, and discomfort with varied conservative management approaches), conservative management as "no care," and moral distress. Nephrologists' approaches to conservative management discussions were shaped by perceptions of their roles and by a common view of conservative management as no care. Their willingness to pursue conservative management was influenced by provider- and institutional-level barriers and experiences with older patients who regretted or had been harmed by dialysis (moral distress). Early adopters routinely discussed conservative management as a way of relieving moral distress, whereas others who were more selective in discussing conservative management experienced greater distress.LimitationsParticipants' views are likely most transferable to large academic medical centers, due to oversampling of academic clinicians.ConclusionsOur findings clarify how moral distress serves as a catalyst for conservative management discussion and highlight points of intervention and mechanisms potentially underlying low conservative management use in the United States.Copyright © 2017 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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