• Soichi Nagao and Hiromasa Kitazawa.
• Laboratry for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN BSI, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
• Brain Nerve. 2008 Jul 1; 60 (7): 783-90.

AbstractMost of our motor skills are acquired through learning. Although the cerebellum is established as the critical site for motor learning, the precise mechanism underlying acquisition and consolidation of motor memory is a topic of on-going debate. We examined the role of the cerebellum in acquisition and storage of motor memory by using adaptations of horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic response (OKR) eye movements in mice and monkeys. A training of the mice to 1h rapid screen oscillation induced an increase in the gains of OKR that declined within 24h. However, when the mice were subjected to 1h of such training successively for a week, a long-term increase occurred in the gains of OKR for 2-3 continuous weeks. We examined the role of the cerebellum in these short (day-long) and long (week-long) -term adaptations. Our pharmacological and electrophysiological experiments revealed that the memory trace of day-long adaptation is located within the cerebellar cortex, while that of week-long adaptation is maintained in the vestibular nuclei where the cerebellar cortex issues its outputs. We obtained the same results in the experiments conducted in monkeys using of adaptations of VOR gains. We further revealed that long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses plays a critical role in both the day- and week-long adaptations. These results suggest that the trace of motor memory is initially acquired in the cerebellar cortex, and later transferred to the cerebellar/vestibular nuclei for consolidation. LTD plays an essential role in both the acquisition and consolidation of motor memory.

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