• Yuhei Hatakenaka, Haruko Kotani, Kahoko Yasumitsu-Lovell, Keita Suzuki, Elisabeth Fernell, and Christopher Gillberg.
• Kochi Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Kochi, Japan; Kochi Prefectural Medical and Welfare Centre, Kochi, Japan. Electronic address: yuuhei_hatakenaka@ken3.pref.kochi.lg.jp.
• Pediatr. Neurol. 2016 Jan 1; 54: 55-63.

BackgroundAbnormalities of early motor development have been reported in autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual developmental disorder, developmental coordination disorder, and other Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE). However, few studies have been conducted with a view to following up a clinically representative cohort of children coming for assessment of motor delay before age two years. We performed a prospective clinical cohort study to examine whether or not early motor delay is often an indication of ESSENCE.MethodsThe sample comprised a one-year cohort of all children who came to a Japanese neurodevelopmental center before their second birthday because of delayed or abnormal gross motor development. The children were followed up from the ESSENCE viewpoint.ResultsOf the 30 children, 28 (18 boys and 10 girls) (93%) were given diagnoses subsumed under the ESSENCE umbrella. Of the 15 children with an identified or strongly suspected etiology, 13 (8 boys and 5 girls) (87%) had ESSENCE disorders or symptoms. Of the 15 children without a known etiology, all had ESSENCE disorders or symptoms.ConclusionThis study indicated that the vast majority of children with motor delay or abnormality in the first two years of life meet criteria for a disorder within the group of ESSENCE at follow-up; this means that young children, presenting with motor problems always need a broad clinical assessment, not just related to motor function, and systematic follow-up.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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