• Luigi Roberto Biasio, Guglielmo Bonaccorsi, Chiara Lorini, Daniela Mazzini, and Sergio Pecorelli.
• Giovanni Lorenzini Foundation, Viale Piave 35, 20129 Milan, Italy.
• Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Mar 17; 9 (3).

AbstractRapid online surveys are an important tool for tracking the public's knowledge and perceptions during infectious disease outbreaks. In June 2020, during the early phases of COVID-19 vaccines development, we conducted a survey in 885 Italian adults that aimed at assessing their attitudes and opinions about vaccination, in addition to their vaccine literacy levels (i.e., skills in finding, understanding, and using information about vaccines). In January 2021, the same questionnaire was administered to a similar population (n = 160). Interactive vaccine literacy was significantly higher in January 2021 than in June 2020 (mean score 3.38 vs. 3.27 respectively, p = 0.0021). The percentage of participants willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19 assessed by either-or questions, was equally high in both surveys (>90%), which is quite reassuring, although metrics based on categorical scales cannot identify hesitant subjects.

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