• Wei Liang, Suzanne Hoi Shan Lo, Yetunde Oluwafunmilayo Tola, and Ka Ming Chow.
• The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
• Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2021 Nov 1; 75 (11): e14636.

BackgroundPeople with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving insulin injection are reported to encounter challenges to achieve optimal glycaemic control. The evidence on effectiveness of self-management programmes for T2D people receiving insulin injection is far from conclusive.AimTo examine the effectiveness of self-management programmes for people with T2D receiving insulin injection.MethodsTwelve databases were searched from dates of inception to June 2021. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials examining the effectiveness of self-management programmes were included. The methodological quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools by two independent researchers. Data were summarised narratively or pooled statistically where appropriate.ResultsNine RCTs involving 2613 participants were included. At post-intervention, meta-analysis results showed that self-management programmes significantly improved glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (mean difference [MD]: -0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.29 to -0.12, P < .001), self-management behaviours (standardised MD [SMD]: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.33, P < .001) and self-efficacy (SMD: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.31, P = .0002). Only one intensive lifestyle intervention reported significant improvements in body weight and waist circumference. Three RCTs demonstrated significant improvements in body mass index compared with the control group. Only one study demonstrated significant improvements in total cholesterol and triglycerides in favour of the intervention group. At six months post-intervention, pooled results of two studies revealed decreased diabetes-related distress (MD: -2.98, 95% CI: -5.15 to -0.82, P = .007). No significant changes in blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, depression and anxiety were found.ConclusionsSelf-management programmes have the potential to improve glycaemic control, weight management, blood lipids, self-management behaviours, self-efficacy and diabetes-related distress of people with T2D receiving insulin injection. More rigorous experimental trials are warranted to examine the effectiveness of self-management programme and its maintenance.© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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