• Qing Wang, Andrea De Luca, Colette Smith, Robert Zangerle, Helen Sambatakou, Fabrice Bonnet, Colette Smit, Philipp Schommers, Alicia Thornton, Juan Berenguer, Lars Peters, Vincenzo Spagnuolo, Adriana Ammassari, Andrea Antinori, Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, Cristina Mussini, Jose M Miro, Deborah Konopnicki, Jan Fehr, Maria A Campbell, Monique Termote, Heiner C Bucher, and Hepatitis Coinfection and Non Hodgkin Lymphoma project team for the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) in EuroCoord.
• From Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Siena, Siena, Italy; University College London, London, United Kingdom; Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy; University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium; and University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2017 Jan 3; 166 (1): 9-17.

BackgroundNon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common AIDS-defining condition in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Whether chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection promote NHL in HIV-infected patients is unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate whether chronic HBV and HCV infection are associated with increased incidence of NHL in HIV-infected patients.DesignCohort study.Setting18 of 33 cohorts from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE).PatientsHIV-infected patients with information on HBV surface antigen measurements and detectable HCV RNA, or a positive HCV antibody test result if HCV RNA measurements were not available.MeasurementsTime-dependent Cox models to assess risk for NHL in treatment-naive patients and those initiating ART, with inverse probability weighting to control for informative censoring.ResultsA total of 52 479 treatment-naive patients (1339 [2.6%] with chronic HBV infection and 7506 [14.3%] with HCV infection) were included, of whom 40 219 (77%) later started ART. The median follow-up was 13 months for treatment-naive patients and 50 months for those receiving ART. A total of 252 treatment-naive patients and 310 treated patients developed NHL, with incidence rates of 219 and 168 cases per 100 000 person-years, respectively. The hazard ratios for NHL with HBV and HCV infection were 1.33 (95% CI, 0.69 to 2.56) and 0.67 (CI, 0.40 to 1.12), respectively, in treatment-naive patients and 1.74 (CI, 1.08 to 2.82) and 1.73 (CI, 1.21 to 2.46), respectively, in treated patients.LimitationMany treatment-naive patients later initiated ART, which limited the study of the associations of chronic HBV and HCV infection with NHL in this patient group.ConclusionIn HIV-infected patients receiving ART, chronic co-infection with HBV and HCV is associated with an increased risk for NHL.Primary Funding SourceEuropean Union Seventh Framework Programme.

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