• Jacqueline F Gould, Amanda J Anderson, Lisa N Yelland, Lisa G Smithers, C Murray Skeaff, Shao J Zhou, Robert A Gibson, and Maria Makrides.
• Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
• J Paediatr Child Health. 2017 Jan 1; 53 (1): 75-83.

AimThe association between fetal vitamin D [25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)] exposure and early child growth and neurodevelopment is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cord blood 25(OH)D and birth size, childhood growth and neurodevelopment.MethodsCord blood samples from 1040 Australian women enrolled in a randomised trial of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy were analysed for 25(OH)D using mass spectroscopy. Infant length, weight and head circumference were measured at delivery. A sub-sample of 337 infants with cord blood samples were selected for growth and neurodevelopment assessment at 18 months and 4 years of age. Associations between standardised 25(OH)D and outcomes were assessed, taking into account DHA treatment, social and demographic variables.ResultsStandardised 25(OH)D in cord blood was not associated with length, weight or head circumference at birth, 18 months or 4 years of age. 25(OH)D was not associated with cognitive, motor, social-emotional or adaptive behaviour scores at 18 months, or cognitive score at 4 years of age. A 10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25(OH)D was associated with a modest increase in average Language scores of 0.60 points at 18 months (adjusted 95% CI 0.04-1.17, P = .04) and 0.68 points at 4 years (adjusted 95% CI 0.07-1.29, P = .03) of age.ConclusionsCord blood vitamin D was modestly, positively associated with language development in early childhood in our sample, although the magnitude of the association was small. Randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm a causal association and establish the potential clinical significance of the relationship between vitamin D status and language development.© 2016 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians).

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