• Victoria S McDonald, Romeo C Ignacio, Matthew A Kuettel, Lisa L Schlitzkus, Maura E Sullivan, and Matthew D Tadlock.
• Department of General Surgery, Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton, California.
• J Surg Educ. 2020 Mar 1; 77 (2): 390-403.

BackgroundHumanitarian surgeons face many ethical challenges. Despite increasing resident participation during humanitarian activities, minimal literature exists describing premission ethics training.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted to identify publications on humanitarian surgery. A 3-tiered review was performed assessing for ethical conflicts and guidelines. A Humanitarian Ethics Curriculum (HEC) was developed based on these findings and administered to residents prior to a humanitarian mission. Postmission essays were assigned to describe an ethical dilemma they encountered. The HEC's value was evaluated by identifying the ACGME core competencies represented in the essays.Results49 eligible publications were identified. Several areas of consensus were found. Controversies identified included: trainee involvement, surgical innovation, and operating on patients with dismal prognosis. All residents stated that the HEC was vital. 61% of ethical dilemmas involved surgical patients. Core competencies emphasized included systems-based practice, patient care, professionalism, interpersonal/communication skills, and medical knowledge.ConclusionsThere is consensus regarding ethical principles that surgeons should follow during humanitarian activities. However, areas of controversy persist. Premission HEC should be administered to residents participating in humanitarian missions.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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