• Ana F Dos Santos, Theresa H Nakagawa, Giovanna C Lessi, Bruna C Luz, Heitor T M Matsuo, Giovana Y Nakashima, Carlos D Maciel, and Fábio V Serrão.
• Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil. Electronic address: santosaf@live.com.
• Phys Ther Sport. 2019 Mar 1; 36: 92-100.

ObjectivesAnalyze the effects of 3 gait retraining: forefoot landing (FFOOT), 10% step rate increase (SR10%) and forward trunk lean (FTL) on lower limb biomechanics and clinical measurements in patellofemoral pain (PFP) runners.DesignCase series report.SettingsBiomechanical laboratory and treadmill running.ParticipantsEighteen recreational PFP runners randomized in 3 groups.Main Outcome MeasuresLower limb kinematics and muscle activation were assessed at baseline and 2-week post-training. Pain intensity and function limitation, measured by AKPS (Anterior Knee Pain Scale) and LEFS (Lower Extremity Functional Scale) assessed at baseline, post-training and 6-month follow-up. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effects of gait retraining.ResultsFFOOT and FTL increased the AKPS score at post-training(P = .001; P = .008) and 6-month follow-up(P < .001; P < .001). SR10% increased the AKPS score from baseline to 6-month follow-up(P = .006). Pain and LEFS score were improved after gait retraining regardless group. FFOOT presented greater gastrocnemius(P = .037) and rectus femoris pre-activation(P = .006) at post-retraining session. Gait retraining reduced the muscle activity during stance phase and increased during the late-swing regardless group.ConclusionThe three techniques presented clinical benefits, improvement of pain symptoms and functional scores, was not accompanied with significant biomechanics differences that could entirely explain this clinical improvement after the intervention.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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