• Pranay Narang, Bharath Raju, Fareed Jumah, Subhas Kanti Konar, Anmol Nagaraj, Gaurav Gupta, and Anil Nanda.
• Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
• World Neurosurg. 2021 Nov 1; 155: 135-143.

AbstractFor thousands of years, anatomical models have served as essential tools in medical instruction. While human dissections have been the regular source of information for medical students for the last few centuries, the scarcity of bodies and the religious and social taboos of previous times made the process of acquiring human cadavers a challenge. The dissection process was dependent on the availability of fresh cadavers and thus was met with a major time constraint; with poor preservation techniques, decomposition turned the process of employing bodies for instruction into a race against time. However, the advent of anatomical models has countered this issue by supplying accurate anatomical detail in a physical, three-dimensional form superior to that of the two-dimensional illustrations previously used as the primary adjunct to dissection. Artists worked with physicians and anatomists to prepare these models, creating an interdisciplinary interaction that advanced anatomical instruction at a tremendous rate. These models have taken the form of metal, wood, ivory, wax, papier-mâché, plaster, and plastic and have ultimately evolved into computerized and digital representations currently. We provide a brief historical overview of the evolution of anatomical models from a unique neuroanatomical perspective.Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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