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Dent. Clin. North Am. · Apr 2013
ReviewPain and temporomandibular disorders: a pharmaco-gender dilemma.
- Jeffry R Shaefer, Nicole Holland, Julia S Whelan, and Ana Miriam Velly.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA. jeffry_shaefer@hsdm.harvard.edu
- Dent. Clin. North Am. 2013 Apr 1; 57 (2): 233-62.
AbstractGender is the biggest risk factor in the development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and orofacial pain. Gender differences in pain thresholds, temporal summation, pain expectations, and somatic awareness exist in patients with chronic TMD or orofacial pain. There are gender differences in pharmacokenetics and pharmacodynamics of medications used to treat pain. A better understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the increased incidence and persistence of chronic pain in females is needed. Future research will elucidate the sex effects on factors that protect against developing pain or prevent debilitating pain. Gender-based treatments for TMD and orofacial pain treatment will evolve from the translational research stimulated by this knowledge.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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