• Julian Marcon, Anno Graser, David Horst, Jozefina Casuscelli, Annabel Spek, Christian G Stief, Maximilian F Reiser, Johannes Rübenthaler, Alexander Buchner, and Michael Staehler.
• Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. julian.marcon@med.uni-muenchen.de.
• Eur Radiol. 2020 Jan 1; 30 (1): 1-10.

ObjectivesVarious imaging methods have been evaluated regarding non-invasive differentiation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) allows iodine concentration (IC) analysis as a correlate of tissue perfusion. Microvascular density (MVD) in histopathology specimens is evaluated to determine intratumoral vascularization. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of IC and MVD regarding the differentiation between papillary and clear cell RCC and between well- and dedifferentiated tumors. Further, we aimed to investigate a possible correlation between these parameters.MethodsDECT imaging series of 53 patients with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and 15 with papillary RCC (pRCC) were analyzed regarding IC. Histology samples were stained using CD31/CD34 monoclonal antibodies; MVD was evaluated digitally. Statistical analysis included performance of Mann-Whitney U test, ROC analysis, and Spearman rank correlation.ResultsAnalysis of IC demonstrated significant differences between ccRCC and pRCC (p < 0.001). A cutoff value of ≤ 3.1 mg/ml at IC analysis allowed identification of pRCC with an accuracy of 86.8%. Within the ccRCC subgroup, G1/G2 tumors could significantly be differentiated from G3/G4 carcinomas (p = 0.045). A significant positive correlation between IC and MVD could be determined for the entire RCC cohort and the ccRCC subgroup. Limitations include the small percentage of pRCCs.ConclusionsIC analysis is a useful method to differentiate pRCC from ccRCC. The significant positive correlation between IC and MVD indicates valid representation of tumor perfusion by DECT.Key Points• Analysis of iodine concentration using DECT imaging could reliably distinguish papillary from clear cell subtypes of renal cell cancer (RCC). • A cutoff value of 3.1 mg/ml allowed a distinction between papillary and clear cell RCCs with an accuracy of 86.8%. • The positive correlation with microvascular density in tumor specimens indicates correct display of perfusion by iodine concentration analysis.

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