• Erik H Hofmeister, Michele Barletta, Molly Shepard, Benjamin M Brainard, Cynthia M Trim, and Jane Quandt.
• Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA. Electronic address: kaastel@gmail.com.
• Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018 Sep 1; 45 (5): 695-702.

ObjectiveTo establish evidence for the validity and reliability of three commonly used pain scales in dogs when assessed by video by specialists in anesthesia.Study DesignMixed-method test-retest observational study.SubjectsA group of six American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia board-certified specialists and 31 postoperative dogs.MethodsThe evaluators scored 31 dogs using a visual analogue scale (VAS), numeric rating scale (NRS), and Glasgow pain scale (GPS). The evaluators individually scored the dogs using all three scales together and subsequently, at 3 month intervals, using each of the scales apart. Then, all evaluators in one room reviewed 23 of the videos. A camera was positioned for video and audio recording of discussion about the videos. Intra- and interobserver reliability was determined using a two-way random model intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsLinear regression indicated a strong correlation among all scales when assigned together (VAS versus NRS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.93; VAS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.59; and NRS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.61) and apart (VAS versus NRS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.68; VAS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.40; and NRS versus GPS, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.47). Posture, appearance, vocalization, stiffness, interaction between the animal and a person and response to palpation were identified as important variables for assessing pain. Intra-observer reliability produced average ICC values of 0.90 for VAS, 0.89 for NRS and 0.85 for GPS. Interobserver reliability produced average ICC values when scores were assigned together (VAS: 0.93, NRS: 0.93 and GPS: 0.93) and when done separately (VAS: 0.91, NRS: 0.93 and GPS: 0.95).Conclusions And Clinical RelevanceThe preferred use of the VAS and NRS over the use of the GPS should be cautiously considered for research applications when experts are observers. Revisions of the GPS to clarify descriptors and remove or modify items that may not be associated with pain in dogs should be considered.Copyright © 2018 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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