• Massimo Leandri, Lucio Marinelli, Antonio Siri, and Luca Pellegrino.
• Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, L.go Daneo 3, 16132, Genova, Italy; Interuniversity Centre for Pain Neurophysiology (CIND), University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 35, 16146, Genova, Italy. Electronic address: massimo.leandri@unige.it.
• J. Neurosci. Methods. 2018 Jan 1; 293: 17-26.

BackgroundNo satisfactory neurophysiological test for nociceptive afferents is available to date. Laser stimuli present risks of skin damage, whilst electrical stimulation through specially designed electrodes is not selective enough.New MethodWe present a new electrode designed according to critical issues identified in preliminary computer simulations concerning electric field gradient through the skin. To provide selective stimulation the activating electric field must be limited to intraepidermal free nerve endings. To this end, a new interdigitated electrode (IDE) was made of conductive rails arranged in a comb-like micropattern, situated only 150μm apart from each other (150 IDE) and alternately connected to the opposite poles of the stimulator.ResultsEvoked potentials recorded from the scalp were obtained after stimulation with the 150 IDE and with a similarly designed, but more widely spaced electrode (1000μm, or 1000 IDE). Small amplitude early and medium latency components were recorded with the 1000 IDE, suggesting activation of Aβ fibres. On the other hand, the 150 IDE only evoked late responses, confirming sufficient selectivity in small fibre activation.Comparison With Existing Method(S)The main differences with existing electrodes are: 1) Microspaced interdigitated conductive rails. 2) The potentially unlimited surface of stimulation and high efficiency per surface unit, resulting in large numbers of activated nociceptors.ConclusionsA new electrode providing selective stimulation of nociceptive nerve free endings is presented. It is non-invasive, and its surface can be enlarged at will. It is expected that it may greatly help in neurophysiological assessment of conditions affecting the nociceptive pathway.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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