• Giacomo Bellani, Giacomo Grasselli, Maurizio Cecconi, Laura Antolini, Massimo Borelli, Federica De Giacomi, Giancarlo Bosio, Nicola Latronico, Matteo Filippini, Marco Gemma, Claudia Giannotti, Benvenuto Antonini, Nicola Petrucci, Simone Maria Zerbi, Paolo Maniglia, Gian Paolo Castelli, Giovanni Marino, Matteo Subert, Giuseppe Citerio, Danilo Radrizzani, Teresa S Mediani, Ferdinando Luca Lorini, Filippo Maria Russo, Angela Faletti, Andrea Beindorf, Remo Daniel Covello, Stefano Greco, Marta M Bizzarri, Giuseppe Ristagno, Francesco Mojoli, Andrea Pradella, Paolo Severgnini, Marta Da Macallè, Andrea Albertin, V Marco Ranieri, Emanuele Rezoagli, Giovanni Vitale, Aurora Magliocca, Gianluca Cappelleri, Mattia Docci, Stefano Aliberti, Filippo Serra, Emanuela Rossi, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, Antonio Pesenti, and Giuseppe Foti.
• Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
• Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 Jun 1; 18 (6): 1020-1026.

AbstractRationale: Treatment with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is frequent. Shortage of intensive care unit (ICU) beds led clinicians to deliver NIV also outside ICUs. Data about the use of NIV in COVID-19 is limited.Objectives: To describe the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 treated with NIV outside the ICUs. To investigate the factors associated with NIV failure (need for intubation or death).Methods: In this prospective, single-day observational study, we enrolled adult patients with COVID-19 who were treated with NIV outside the ICU from 31 hospitals in Lombardy, Italy.Results: We collected data on demographic and clinical characteristics, ventilatory management, and patient outcomes. Of 8,753 patients with COVID-19 present in the hospitals on the study day, 909 (10%) were receiving NIV outside the ICU. A majority of patients (778/909; 85%) patients were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which was delivered by helmet in 617 (68%) patients. NIV failed in 300 patients (37.6%), whereas 498 (62.4%) patients were discharged alive without intubation. Overall mortality was 25%. NIV failure occurred in 152/284 (53%) patients with an arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio <150 mm Hg. Higher C-reactive protein and lower PaO2/FiO2 and platelet counts were independently associated with increased risk of NIV failure.Conclusions: The use of NIV outside the ICUs was common in COVID-19, with a predominant use of helmet CPAP, with a rate of success >60% and close to 75% in full-treatment patients. C-reactive protein, PaO2/FiO2, and platelet counts were independently associated with increased risk of NIV failure.Clinical trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04382235).

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