• Mourad M Alsabbagh, Abdo Asmar, Noel I Ejaz, Ravi K Aiyer, Ganesh Kambhampati, and A Ahsan Ejaz.
• Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0224, USA.
• Am. J. Surg. 2013 Jul 1;206(1):86-95.

BackgroundEffective therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery remain elusive despite the tremendous advances in surgical techniques, technology, and understanding of disease processes. Recent developments and their effect on the incidence of AKI after cardiac surgery are discussed.Data SourcesPublished clinical trials in PubMed, strength of evidence assessed by the guidelines of the American Family Physicians.ConclusionsThe definition of AKI has changed, and the focus of interventions has shifted from treatment to prevention to recovery from AKI. Antioxidants and biological agents have been added to classic armaments of hydration and diuretics in addition to tighter metabolic control to prevent AKI. Although the treatment options remain unsatisfactory, a lot of progress nevertheless continues to be made in the prevention and treatment of AKI.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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