• White HughtoJaclyn MJMChronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: Jaclyn.White@Yale.edu., Sari L Reisner, and John E Pachankis.
• Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: Jaclyn.White@Yale.edu.
• Soc Sci Med. 2015 Dec 1; 147: 222-31.

RationaleTransgender people in the United States experience widespread prejudice, discrimination, violence, and other forms of stigma.ObjectiveThis critical review aims to integrate the literature on stigma towards transgender people in the U.S.ResultsThis review demonstrates that transgender stigma limits opportunities and access to resources in a number of critical domains (e.g., employment, healthcare), persistently affecting the physical and mental health of transgender people. The applied social ecological model employed here elucidates that transgender stigma operates at multiple levels (i.e., individual, interpersonal, structural) to impact health. Stigma prevention and coping interventions hold promise for reducing stigma and its adverse health-related effects in transgender populations.ConclusionAdditional research is needed to document the causal relationship between stigma and adverse health as well as the mediators and moderators of stigma in US transgender populations. Multi-level interventions to prevent stigma towards transgender people are warranted.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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