• Mark N Malinowski, Pooja R Chopra, Vinicius Tieppo Francio, Ryan Budwany, and Timothy Ray Deer.
• OhioHealth Grant Medical Center, Ohio University Heritage COM, Columbus, Ohio.
• Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2021 Dec 1; 34 (6): 774780774-780.

Purpose Of ReviewIn recent years, neuromodulation has experienced a renaissance. Novel waveforms and anatomic targets show potential improvements in therapy that may signify substantial benefits. New innovations in peripheral nerve stimulation and dorsal root ganglion stimulation have shown prospective evidence and sustainability of results. Sub-perception physiologic bursting, high-frequency stimulation and feedback loop mechanisms provide significant benefits over traditional tonic spinal cords stimulation (SCS) in peer reviewed investigations. We reviewed the themes associated with novel technology in the context of historical stalwart publications.Recent FindingsNew innovations have led to better nerve targeting, improvements in disease-based treatment, and opioid alternatives for those in chronic pain. In addition, new neural targets from both structural and cellular perspectives have changed the field of Neurostimulation.SummaryFor many years, tonic SCS was representative of neuromodulation, but as this review examines, the progression of the field in the past decade has reshaped patient options.Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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