• Maximilian Pichlmaier, Ludmilla Knigina, Ingo Kutschka, Christoph Bara, Hanno Oswald, Gunnar Klein, Theodosius Bisdas, and Axel Haverich.
• Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. pichlmaier.maximilian@mh-hannover.de
• J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2011 Dec 1; 142 (6): 1482-90.

ObjectivePacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator lead endocarditis mandates removal of all foreign material. In supposedly limited (pocket) infections, such a radical approach is still controversial. Thus, some patients are potentially exposed to persistent and recurrent infection because of retained material. Procedural risks and the success of eradicating infection were examined if involvement of the complete system was assumed in any cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection and complete removal was thus mandatory.MethodsA 12-year experience with 192 consecutive cases of bacterial pacemaker (152) or defibrillator (40) infections is presented. Complete removal of all prosthetic material was always aimed for. This was followed by antibiotic treatment for 4 to 6 weeks under temporary pacing if required, and then the new system was implanted. A total of 104 parameters concerning patient characteristics and operative and postoperative treatment were examined for their influence on outcome.ResultsInfection was eradicated in 92.8% of patients. Recurrence was predominantly caused by failure to remove all prosthetic material (P < .001). If the protocol was strictly followed, infection was eradicated in 97.4% of patients. Conversely, 71.4% of patients with retained material showed recurrence. Further risk factors were poor dental hygiene and evidence of chronic subclinical infection. Morbidity and mortality of the interventional and open procedures were low. Open lead extraction was performed primarily in 34 patients (17.7%) and secondarily in 3 patients (1.9%). Temporary pacing and long-term antibiotic treatment were well tolerated.ConclusionsComplete removal of prosthetic material in any cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection is safe and associated with low morbidity and mortality. Success of eradicating infection is high if all system components are removed. Temporary pacing in dependent patients may be performed safely on an outpatient basis.Copyright © 2011 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

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