• Khaya Mfenyana, Mark Griffin, Parimalarani Yogeswaran, Bernadette Modell, Michael Modell, Jimmy Chandia, and Irwin Nazareth.
• Department of Family Medicine, University of Transkei (now Walter Sisulu University), Mthatha, E Cape.
• S. Afr. Med. J. 2006 Apr 1; 96 (4): 323-30.

ObjectivesTo describe the demographic, environmental and health characteristics of the rural Eastern Cape and to explore demographic and environmental predictors of health.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEngcobo and Umtata in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.Subjects12,049 people from 4608 households.Outcome Measures(i) Children: immunisation history and being breastfed; (ii) women aged 15-45 years: use of contraception; (iii) women aged 20-25 years: total numbers of dead children; and (iv) all adults: smoking status, body mass index and blood pressure.Results2741 houses (59.5%) were structurally adequate, 1795 (39.0%) had access to clean water, and 1174 (25.6%) had access to gas or electric energy. Of children up to 5 years of age 1436 (44.2%) were fully immunised and 2472 (76.1%) were breastfed in their first year of life. Among women aged 15-45 years, 903 (37.8%) used contraceptives, and among women aged 20-25 years, 56 (11.8%) had lost at least 1 child. Self-report of chronic illness and disability was low. Current smokers include 264 men (12.7%) and 325 women (6.0%), and 315 men (15.2%) and 1439 women (26.7%) had a body mass index > 30. Adequate housing (odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-1.53) and access to refuse disposal (OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.36-2.00) were predictive of complete immunisation in children. Children living in houses with access to clean water (OR 0.8, 95% CI: 0.64-0.99) and a fitted toilet (OR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.38-0.83) were less likely to be breastfed in the first year of their life. Women aged 15-45 years were likely to use contraception if they were well educated (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.76-4.28) and lived in houses with access to refuse disposal (OR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.20-1.78). Better education was associated with a reduced likelihood of loss of a child (OR 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.51) and being a smoker (OR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.38-0.73). Obesity was associated with being female (OR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.62-2.18) and living in a house with electricity (OR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.26-1.68). High blood pressure was associated with living in a house with electricity (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.10-1.70) and with monthly household income exceeding R2 000 (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07-1.78).ConclusionsHigh socio-economic deprivation in the Eastern Cape is associated with health status comparable to that of poorer regions in sub-Saharan Africa. The educational level of the population, access to electricity, clean water and refuse disposal facilities are important predictors of child, maternal and adult health.

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