• Daniel A Hashimoto, Pramudith Sirimanna, Ernest D Gomez, Laura Beyer-Berjot, K A Ericsson, Noel N Williams, Ara Darzi, and Rajesh Aggarwal.
• Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK. dahashimoto@partners.org.
• Surg Endosc. 2015 Nov 1; 29 (11): 3154-62.

BackgroundThis study investigated whether deliberate practice leads to an increase in surgical quality in virtual reality (VR) laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC). Previous research has suggested that sustained DP is effective in surgical training.MethodsFourteen residents were randomized into deliberate practice (n = 7) or control training (n = 7). Both groups performed ten sessions of two VR LCs. Each session, the DP group was assigned 30 min of DP activities in between LCs while the control group viewed educational videos or read journal articles. Performance was assessed on speed and dexterity; quality was rated with global (GRS) and procedure-specific (PSRS) rating scales. All participants then performed five porcine LCs.ResultsBoth groups improved over 20 VR LCs in time, dexterity, and global rating scales (all p < 0.05). After 20 LCs, there were no differences in speed or dexterity between groups. The DP group achieved higher quality of VR surgical performance than control for GRS (26 vs. 20, p = 0.001) and PSRS (18 vs. 15, p = 0.001). For VR cases, DP subjects plateaued at GRS = 25 after ten cases and control group at GRS = 20 after five cases. At completion of VR training, 100 % of the DP group reached target quality of performance (GRS ≥ 21) compared with 30 % in the control group. There were no significant differences for improvements in time or dexterity over five porcine LCs.ConclusionThis study suggests that DP leads to higher quality performance in VR LC than standard training alone. Standard training may leave individuals in a state of "arrested development" compared with DP.

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