• Rowan Valentine, Vikram Padhye, and Peter-John Wormald.
• Department of Surgery, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, 28 Woodville Road, Woodville, Adelaide, South Australia 5011, Australia. Electronic address: rowan.valentine@gmail.com.
• Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 2016 Jun 1; 49 (3): 877-87.

AbstractCarotid artery injury during endonasal surgery is a feared and potentially catastrophic complication. Simulation training provides the opportunity for a realistic experience with management of major vascular injuries. The sheep model of carotid artery injury reproduces the challenges of dealing with vascular emergencies during endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery, which include working in narrow nasal confines, high-flow/high-pressure vascular injury, and the immediately challenging surgical field. Simulated vascular emergencies allow for research and development; training using various surgical techniques to control the field, including hemostatic products or direct vascular closure techniques; and consequently improved patient care and outcomes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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