• Michael Willem, Sabina Tahirovic, Marc Aurel Busche, Saak V Ovsepian, Magda Chafai, Scherazad Kootar, Daniel Hornburg, Lewis D B Evans, Steven Moore, Anna Daria, Heike Hampel, Veronika Müller, Camilla Giudici, Brigitte Nuscher, Andrea Wenninger-Weinzierl, Elisabeth Kremmer, Michael T Heneka, Dietmar R Thal, Vilmantas Giedraitis, Lars Lannfelt, Ulrike Müller, Frederick J Livesey, Felix Meissner, Jochen Herms, Arthur Konnerth, Hélène Marie, and Christian Haass.
• Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
• Nature. 2015 Oct 15; 526 (7573): 443-7.

AbstractAlzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques, which are predominantly composed of amyloid-β peptide. Two principal physiological pathways either prevent or promote amyloid-β generation from its precursor, β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), in a competitive manner. Although APP processing has been studied in great detail, unknown proteolytic events seem to hinder stoichiometric analyses of APP metabolism in vivo. Here we describe a new physiological APP processing pathway, which generates proteolytic fragments capable of inhibiting neuronal activity within the hippocampus. We identify higher molecular mass carboxy-terminal fragments (CTFs) of APP, termed CTF-η, in addition to the long-known CTF-α and CTF-β fragments generated by the α- and β-secretases ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10) and BACE1 (β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1), respectively. CTF-η generation is mediated in part by membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinases such as MT5-MMP, referred to as η-secretase activity. η-Secretase cleavage occurs primarily at amino acids 504-505 of APP695, releasing a truncated ectodomain. After shedding of this ectodomain, CTF-η is further processed by ADAM10 and BACE1 to release long and short Aη peptides (termed Aη-α and Aη-β). CTFs produced by η-secretase are enriched in dystrophic neurites in an AD mouse model and in human AD brains. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of BACE1 activity results in robust accumulation of CTF-η and Aη-α. In mice treated with a potent BACE1 inhibitor, hippocampal long-term potentiation was reduced. Notably, when recombinant or synthetic Aη-α was applied on hippocampal slices ex vivo, long-term potentiation was lowered. Furthermore, in vivo single-cell two-photon calcium imaging showed that hippocampal neuronal activity was attenuated by Aη-α. These findings not only demonstrate a major functionally relevant APP processing pathway, but may also indicate potential translational relevance for therapeutic strategies targeting APP processing.

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