• Sauson Soldozy, Kaan Yağmurlu, Pedro Norat, Mazin Elsarrag, John Costello, Faraz Farzad, Jennifer D Sokolowski, Khadijeh A Sharifi, Turki Elarjani, Joshua Burks, Petr Tvrdik, Mark E Shaffrey, Min S Park, Robert M Starke, Errol Gordon, and KalaniM Yashar SMYSSt. John's Neuroscience Institute, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. Electronic address: stemcelldoctor@gmail.com..
• Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
• World Neurosurg. 2022 Jul 1; 163: e1-e42.

Background And ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to systematically review the usefulness of serum biomarkers in the setting of ischemic stroke (IS) to predict long-term outcome.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases for studies published between 1986 and 2018. All studies assessing long-term functional outcome (defined as ≥30 days) after IS with respect to serum biomarkers were included. Data were extracted and pooled using a meta-analysis of odds ratios.ResultsOf the 2928 articles in the original literature search, 183 studies were selected. A total of 127 serum biomarkers were included. Biomarkers were grouped into several categories: inflammatory (n = 32), peptide/enzymatic (n = 30), oxidative/metabolic (n = 28), hormone/steroid based (n = 23), and hematologic/vascular (n = 14). The most commonly studied biomarkers in each category were found to be CRP, S100β, albumin, copeptin, and D-dimer. With the exception of S100β, all were found to be statistically associated with >30-day outcome after ischemic stroke.ConclusionsSerum-based biomarkers have the potential to predict functional outcome in patients with IS. This meta-analysis has identified C-reactive protein, albumin, copeptin, and D-dimer to be significantly associated with long-term outcome after IS. These biomarkers have the potential to serve as a platform for prognosticating stroke outcomes after 30 days. These serum biomarkers, some of which are routinely ordered, can be combined with imaging biomarkers and used in artificial intelligence algorithms to provide refined predictive outcomes after injury. These tools will assist physicians in providing guidance to families regarding long-term independence of patients.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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