• Med. Clin. North Am. · Nov 2004

    Review

    Smokeless tobacco: an emerging addiction.

    • Jon O Ebbert, Alan B Carr, and Lowell C Dale.
    • Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. ebbert.jon@mayo.edu
    • Med. Clin. North Am. 2004 Nov 1; 88 (6): 1593-605.

    AbstractSmokeless tobacco (ST) use is an important health issue in the United States, and chronic use leads to significant morbidity. ST users are exposed to levels of nicotine comparable with smokers and experience symptoms of nicotine withdrawal when attempting to stop. Clinical treatment of ST users requires an understanding of the unique characteristics of ST. This article reviews ST products, epidemiology, pharmacology, health risks, and treatment approaches.

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