• Yu Fang, BohnertAmy S BASBDepartments of Anesthesiology and Epidemiology, University of Michigan, and VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S.B.)., Karina Pereira-Lima, Jennifer Cleary, Elena Frank, Zhuo Zhao, Walter Dempsey, and Srijan Sen.
• Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Y.F., E.F., Z.Z.).
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2022 Jan 1; 175 (1): 56-64.

BackgroundEfforts to address the high depression rates among training physicians have been implemented at various levels of the U.S. medical education system. The cumulative effect of these efforts is unknown.ObjectiveTo assess how the increase in depressive symptoms with residency has shifted over time and to identify parallel trends in factors that have previously been associated with resident physician depression.DesignRepeated annual cohort study.SettingU.S. health care organizations.ParticipantsFirst-year resident physicians (interns) who started training between 2007 and 2019.MeasurementsDepressive symptoms (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]) assessed at baseline and quarterly throughout internship.ResultsAmong 16 965 interns, baseline depressive symptoms increased from 2007 to 2019 (PHQ-9 score, 2.3 to 2.9; difference, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.3 to 0.8]). The prevalence of baseline predictors of greater increase in depressive symptoms with internship also increased across cohorts. Despite the higher prevalence of baseline risk factors, the average change in depressive symptoms with internship decreased 24.4% from 2007 to 2019 (change in PHQ-9 score, 4.1 to 3.0; difference, -1.0 [CI, -1.5 to -0.6]). This change across cohorts was greater among women (4.7 to 3.3; difference, -1.4 [CI, -1.9 to -0.9]) than men (3.5 to 2.9; difference, -0.6 [CI, -1.2 to -0.05]) and greater among nonsurgical interns (4.1 to 3.0; difference, -1.1 [CI, -1.6 to -0.6]) than surgical interns (4.0 to 3.2; difference, -0.8 [CI, -1.2 to -0.4]). In parallel to the decrease in depressive symptom change, there were increases in sleep hours, quality of faculty feedback, and use of mental health services and a decrease in work hours across cohorts. The decrease in work hours was greater for nonsurgical than surgical interns. Further, the increase in mental health treatment across cohorts was greater for women than men.LimitationData are observational and subject to biases due to nonrandom sampling, missing data, and unmeasured confounders, limiting causal conclusions.ConclusionAlthough depression during physician training remains high, the average increase in depressive symptoms associated with internship decreased between 2007 and 2019.Primary Funding SourceNational Institute of Mental Health.

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