• María F De la Cerda-Vargas, Martin N Stienen, Alvaro Campero, Armando F Pérez-Castell, José A Soriano-Sánchez, Barbara Nettel-Rueda, Luis A B Borba, Carlos Castillo-Rangel, Pedro Navarro-Domínguez, Melisa A Muñoz-Hernández, Fany K Segura-López, Gerardo Y Guinto-Nishimura, and Bayron Alexander Sandoval-Bonilla.
• Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Torreón Coahuila, Mexico.
• World Neurosurg. 2022 Feb 1; 158: e393-e415.

BackgroundDiscrimination, abuse, and mistreatment are prevailing problems reported in neurosurgical training programs globally. Moreover, the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may also show a negative impact on burnout levels in neurosurgery residents. This study aims to evaluate burnout, discrimination, and mistreatment in neurosurgical residents training in Latin America during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 era.MethodsA 33-item electronic survey was sent to neurosurgery residents from Latin America from May 10 to 25, 2021. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.ResultsA total of 111 neurosurgery residents responded to the survey. Mean age was 29.39 ± 2.37 years; 22.5% were female and 36% were training in Mexico. Residents who reported experiencing discrimination for testing positive to COVID-19 had the highest levels of depersonalization (66.7%; P = 0.043) and emotional exhaustion (75%; P = 0.023). Female respondents reported higher rates of gender discrimination (80% vs. 1.2%; P = 0.001), abuse (84% vs. 58.1%; P < 0.005), and sexual harassment (24% vs. 0%; P < 0.001) than did male respondents. Residents training in Mexico reported lower rates of emotional or verbal abuse (59.2% vs. 32.5%; P = 0.007) and bullying (P < 0.005) than did those in other countries in Latin America. Older age was a protective factor for high depersonalization scores (odds ratio [OR], 0.133; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.035-0.500). Experiencing discrimination represented a risk factor for presenting high emotional exhaustion scores (OR, 3.019; 95% CI, 1.057-8.629). High levels of depersonalization were associated with a 7-fold increased risk of suicidal ideation (OR, 7.869; 95% CI, 1.266-48.88).ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has been a significant burden on several aspects of health care workers' lives. Our results provide a broad overview of its impact on burnout, discrimination, and mistreatment as experienced by neurosurgery residents training in Latin America, laying the groundwork for future studies and potential interventions.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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