• Floriane Rousseaux, Nadia Dardenne, Paul B Massion, Didier Ledoux, Aminata Bicego, Anne-Françoise Donneau, Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville, Anne-Sophie Nyssen, and Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse.
• From the Laboratory of Cognitive Ergonomics and Work Intervention, University of Liege, ULiege (B32), Quartier Agora - Place des Orateurs (FR, AB, ASN), Algology Department, University Hospital of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman (MEF, AV), Sensation & Perception Research Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liege, GIGA (B34) (FR, AB, MEF, ASN, AV), Intensive Care Units, University Hospital of Liege (B35) (PBM, DL), Public Health Department, Biostatistics, University of Liege, CHU (B35) (ND, AFD) and Anesthesia & Intensive care, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liege, GIGA (B34), Quartier Hopital - Avenue de l'Hopital, Liege, Belgium (DL).
• Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022 Jan 1; 39 (1): 586658-66.

BackgroundVirtual reality and hypnosis are little studied in complex contexts, such as intensive care, where patients need significant physical and psychological assistance.ObjectivesTo compare and combine hypnosis and virtual reality benefits on anxiety and pain on patients before and after cardiac surgery.DesignProspective randomised controlled clinical trial.SettingThe study was conducted in the University Hospital of Liege (Belgium) from October 2018 to January 2020.PatientsOne hundred patients (66 ± 11.5 years; 24 women, 76 men) were included. Participants were adults undergoing cardiac surgery. Exclusion criteria: psychiatric diseases, claustrophobia, acrophobia, hearing loss, visual impairment, extreme fatigue, confusion surgery cancelled.InterventionsPatients were randomly assigned to four arms (control; hypnosis; virtual reality; virtual reality hypnosis) and had 20 min of one of the techniques the day before and the day after surgery.Main Outcomes MeasuresAnxiety, pain, fatigue, relaxation, physiological parameters, and opioid use were evaluated before and after each session.ResultsThe main results did not show any significant differences between the groups. In all groups, anxiety decreased and pain increased from baseline to the postoperative day. Relaxation increased in all groups in the pre-operative (P < 0.0001) and postoperative period (P = 0.03). There were no significant differences for fatigue, physiological measures, or opioid use.ConclusionAs there were no significant differences between groups for the measured variables, we cannot affirm that one technique is better than another. Additional studies are required to compare and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these techniques for critical care patients and caregivers.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03820700. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03820700. Retrospectively registered on 29 January 2019.Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.

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