• Johannes Ehler, Christoph Busjahn, and Tobias Schürholz.
• Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Deutschland.
• Anaesthesist. 2022 Jan 1; 71 (1): 3113-11.

AbstractTo date no biomarker has been identified bringing together perfect sensitivity and specificity to discriminate between inflammation and infections. Since the 1930s new markers of tissue damage and endothelial damage have been identified but which are incapable of identifying infections in every clinical setting to enable initiation of early antibiotic treatment. In this review the most important classical biomarkers and upcoming new PCR-based approaches are addressed. These markers are highlighted with respect to special clinical settings and to control the success of antibiotic treatment. The issue of discrimination between inflammation and infection is not yet solved. Based on one single biomarker it is impossible to decide whether infection is the reason for the patient's worsening condition but the combination of biomarkers or the integration of new biomarkers may be a meaningful supplement. The measurement of different biomarkers of infection or inflammation is part of the routine in critical care and will be essential in the future.© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.

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