• Kavita Krishnan, Travis B Wassermann, Patrick Tednes, Veronica Bonderski, and Megan A Rech.
• Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States of America.
• Am J Emerg Med. 2022 Jan 1; 51: 296-303.

AbstractSepsis is a condition characterized by life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The emergency department (ED) serves as a crucial entry point for patients presenting with sepsis. Given the heterogeneous presentation and high mortality rate associated with sepsis and septic shock, several clinical controversies have emerged in the management of sepsis. These include the use of novel therapeutic agents like angiotensin II, hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, thiamine ("HAT") therapy, and levosimendan, Additionally, controversies with current treatments in vasopressor dosing, and the use of and balanced or unbalanced crystalloid are crucial to consider. The purpose of this review is to discuss clinical controversies in the management of septic patients, including the use of novel medications and dosing strategies, to assist providers in appropriately determining what treatment strategy is best suited for patients.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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