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- Daniel Ciccarone and Steve Shoptaw.
- Justine Miner Professor of Addiction Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, MU3-E, Box 900, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0900, USA. Electronic address: daniel.ciccarone@ucsf.edu.
- Med. Clin. North Am. 2022 Jan 1; 106 (1): 819781-97.
AbstractExtending from the triple wave epidemic of opioid-related overdose deaths, a fourth wave of high mortality involving methamphetamine and cocaine use has been gathering force. This article provides a review of the published literature on stimulants including epidemiology, pharmacology, neurobiology, medical and psychiatric consequences, withdrawal management, and medical and behavioral treatments.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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