• Christine Miaskowski, Steven M Paul, Bruce Cooper, Claudia West, Jon D Levine, Charles Elboim, Deborah Hamolsky, Gary Abrams, Judith Luce, Anand Dhruva, Dale J Langford, John D Merriman, Kord Kober, Christina Baggott, Heather Leutwyler, and Bradley E Aouizerat.
• School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: chris.miaskowski@nursing.ucsf.edu.
• Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2014 Jun 1;18(3):242-53.

PurposeIn this prospective, longitudinal study, we extend our findings on persistent breast pain in patients (n = 398) following breast cancer surgery and evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of persistent pain in the arm/shoulder. In addition, differences in the severity of common symptoms and quality of life outcomes measured prior to surgery, among the arm pain classes, were evaluated.Methods And SamplePatients were recruited from Breast Care Centers located in a Comprehensive Cancer Center, two public hospitals, and four community practices. Patients were assessed prior to and monthly for six months following breast cancer surgery.ResultsUsing growth mixture modeling, patients were classified into no (41.6%), mild (23.6%), and moderate (34.8%) arm pain classes based on ratings of worst arm/shoulder pain. Compared to the no pain class, patients in the moderate pain class were significantly younger, had a higher body mass index, and were more likely to report preoperative breast pain and swelling in the affected breast. In addition, patients in the moderate pain class reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance than the no pain class.ConclusionsFindings suggest that approximately 35% of women experience persistent levels of moderate arm/shoulder pain in the first six months following breast cancer surgery. Moderate arm/shoulder pain is associated with clinically meaningful decrements in functional status and quality of life.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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