• Jordan Albritton, Alexa Ortiz, Roberta Wines, Graham Booth, Michael DiBello, Stephen Brown, Gerald Gartlehner, and Karen Crotty.
• RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A., A.O., R.W., G.B., S.B., K.C.).
• Ann. Intern. Med. 2022 Feb 1; 175 (2): 256-266.

BackgroundVideo teleconferencing (VTC) as a substitute for in-person health care or as an adjunct to usual care has increased in recent years.PurposeTo assess the benefits and harms of VTC visits for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and to develop an evidence map describing gaps in the evidence.Data SourcesSystematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from 1 January 2013 to 3 March 2021.Study SelectionTwo investigators independently screened the literature and identified 38 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionData abstraction by a single investigator was confirmed by a second investigator; 2 investigators independently rated risk of bias.Data SynthesisResults from 20 RCTs rated low risk of bias or some concerns of bias show that the use of VTC for the treatment and management of specific diseases produces largely similar outcomes when used to replace or augment usual care. Nine of 12 studies where VTC was intended to replace usual care and 5 of 8 studies where VTC was intended to augment usual care found similar effects between the intervention and control groups. The remaining 6 included studies (3 intended to replace usual care and 3 intended to augment usual care) found 1 or more primary outcomes that favored the VTC group over the usual care group. Studies comparing VTC with usual care that did not involve in-person care were more likely to favor the VTC group. No studies evaluated the use of VTC for diagnosis or prevention of disease. Studies that reported harms found no differences between the intervention and control groups; however, many studies did not report harms. No studies evaluated the effect of VTC on health equity or disparities.LimitationsStudies that focused on mental health, substance use disorders, maternal care, and weight management were excluded. Included studies were limited to RCTs with sample sizes of 50 patients or greater. Component analyses were not conducted in the studies.ConclusionReplacing or augmenting aspects of usual care with VTC generally results in similar clinical effectiveness, health care use, patient satisfaction, and quality of life as usual care for areas studied. However, included trials were limited to a handful of disease categories, with patients seeking care for a limited set of purposes.Primary Funding SourcePatient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute.

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